Fundamental of electricity

Electricity is a form of energy and we need it for just about everything! Almost all of our modern convenience are electrically powered.
Electricity is one of the today’s most useful sources of energy. Electricity is of utmost necessity in the modern world of sophisticated equipment and machinery.

There is 2 types of Electricity
1)Static Electricity
2)Dynamic Electricity

Static: Static electricity is the result of an accumulation of electric charges that occurs when two non-metallic objects rub against each other: for example, when we rub a balloon and it sticks to the wall. Electrons jump from one object to the other, causing a positive charge in one and a negative charge in the other.

Examples of static electricity
• Shock received from door knobs of a carpeted room.
• Attraction of tiny paper bits to the comb.


Dynamic: Dynamic electricity is the flow of electric charges through a conductor; in other words, an electric current.
Dynamic Electricity is also called Current Electricity.

But, what is electricity?

Electricity can be defined as the movement of free electrons across any materials.To understand this, you need to know about atoms.

Atom: Everything in the universe is made up of atoms but you can't see them. Atoms are tiny particles that are too small to spot.Electricity is related to some of the most basic building blocks of matter that are atoms (electrons and protons). All matter is made of these electrical building blocks, and, therefore, all matter is said to be ‘electrical’.

Basically, an atom contains three types of sub-atomic particles that are of relevance to electricity. They are the electrons, protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are located in the center or nucleus of the atom and the electrons travel around the nucleus in orbits.



Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. A matter is made of tiny, invisible particles called molecules. A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance that has the properties of the substance. Each molecule can be divided into simpler parts by chemical means. The simplest parts of a  molecule are called atoms.


The Nucleus
The nucleus is the central part of the atom. It contains the protons and neutrons in equal numbers.


Protons
The proton has a positive electrical charge. It is almost 1840 times heavier than the electron and it is the permanent part of the nucleus; protons do not take an active part in the flow or transfer of electrical energy.

Electron
It is a small particle revolving round the nucleus of an atom (as shown in Fig). It has a negative electric charge. The electron is three times larger in diameter than the proton.In an atom the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.

Neutron
A neutron is actually a particle by itself, and is electrically neutral. Since neutrons are electrically neutral, they are not too important to the electrical nature of atoms.

Electric Current
In atom there is shells which have electrons. the outer shell is called as valance shell and electrons which is in valance band(or valance shell) is called valance electron. and this valance electrons is affecting very low force from nucleus. so it can be free easily.
When the excitation is provided properly, this electrons get detached from the atom. As well as when these electrons collide with other loosely bond electrons, ultimately the number of free electrons increases in the matter. And finally when this electrons flow from higher potential to lower potential, we can term that flow as electric current, which flows through the conductor.
Current is nothing but flow of electrons from higher potential to lower potential.
Conventional current flow from positive to negative direction.

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